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Retrieved 10 May 2013. The me yoo social crew. Two large headquarters buildings were vacated in quick succession when British Bookshops left in March 2011 and The Argus newspaper moved out of its headquarters in 2012—although the signed a contract to move its 1,250 employees into the latter difference. Information is entered by event organisers and may be subject to change, please see event page for latest information. And, do not answer questions that you would not answer on a first date. Below this are thin layers of and separated by a thicker band of. Archived from on 21 File dating brighton uk. Since 2003 a series of developments have been proposed but have come to nothing, including housing, a with aand an 11,000-seat sports arena. Brighton has a lot to offer when it comes to choosing where to take your date. You might even pen something el together!.
It is most populous district in England, with around 288,200 residents. Archaeological evidence of settlement in the area dates back to the , and periods. The town's importance grew in the as the Old Town developed, but it languished in the , affected by foreign attacks, storms, a suffering economy and a declining population. Brighton began to attract more visitors following improved road transport to London and becoming a boarding point for boats travelling to France. The town also developed in popularity as a health resort for as a purported cure for illnesses. In the , Brighton developed as a fashionable seaside resort, encouraged by the patronage of the Prince Regent, later , who spent much time in the town and constructed the in the. Brighton continued to grow as a major centre of tourism following the arrival of the railways in 1841, becoming a popular destination for day-trippers from London. Many of the major attractions were built in the , including the Metropole Hotel now Hilton , the , and the. The town continued to grow into the 20th century, expanding to incorporate more areas into the town's boundaries before joining the town of to form the of Brighton and Hove in 1997, which was granted in 2000. Queens Road, one of the oldest streets in Brighton Brighton's earliest name was Bristelmestune, recorded in the. Although more than 40 variations have been documented, Brighthelmstone or Brighthelmston was the standard rendering between the 14th and 18th centuries. Brighton was originally an informal shortened form, first seen in 1660; it gradually supplanted the longer name, and was in general use from the late 18th century. Brighthelmstone was the town's official name until 1810, though. The name is of origin. Most scholars believe that it derives from Beorthelm + tūn—the of Beorthelm, a common Old English name associated with villages elsewhere in England. The tūn element is common in Sussex, especially on the coast, although it occurs infrequently in combination with a personal name. Brighthelm gives its name to, among other things, a church and a pub in Brighton and some halls of residence at the. The town was originally split in half by the Wellesbourne, a which was culverted and buried in the 18th century. Brighton has several nicknames. Brighton, The Front and the Chain Pier Seen in the Distance, Frederick William Woledge, 1840. The first settlement in the Brighton area was , a encampment on which has been dated to between 3500 BC and 2700 BC. It is one of six in Sussex. Archaeologists have only partially explored it, but have found numerous , tools and bones, suggesting it was a place of some importance. There was also a settlement at. This Celtic encampment dates from the 3rd or 2nd century BC and is circumscribed by substantial earthwork outer walls with a diameter of c. Later, there was a at , a from London ran nearby, and much physical evidence of Roman occupation has been discovered locally. From the 1st century AD, the built a number of villas in Brighton and Brythonic Celts formed farming settlements in the area. After the Romans left in the early 4th century AD, the Brighton area returned to the control of the native Celts. The village of Bristelmestune was founded by these Anglo-Saxon invaders, probably in the early Saxon period. They were attracted by the easy access for boats, sheltered areas of raised land for building, and better conditions compared to the damp, cold and misty to the north. By the time of the in 1086 it was a fishing and agricultural settlement, a rent of 4,000 was established, and its population was about 400. Its importance grew from the onwards. By the 14th century there was a , a market and rudimentary law enforcement the first town constable was elected in 1285. Sacked and burnt by French invaders in the early 16th century—the earliest depiction of Brighton, a painting of c. The grid of streets in the Old Town the present area were well developed and the town grew quickly: the population rose from c. By that time Brighton was Sussex's most populous and important town. More foreign attacks, storms especially the devastating , a declining fishing industry, and the emergence of nearby as a significant port caused its economy to suffer. The population declined to 2,000 in the early 18th century. From the 1730s, Brighton entered its second phase of development—one which brought a rapid improvement in its fortunes. The contemporary fad for as a purported cure for illnesses was enthusiastically encouraged by from nearby. Others were already visiting the town for recreational purposes before Russell became famous, and his actions coincided with other developments which made Brighton more attractive to visitors. From the 1760s it was a boarding point for boats travelling to France; road transport to London was improved when the main road via was in 1770; and spas and indoor baths were opened by other entrepreneurial physicians such as and who also wrote the town's first guidebook. Growth of the town was further encouraged by the patronage of the Prince Regent later after his first visit in 1783. He spent much of his leisure time in the town and constructed the during the early part of his. In this period the modern form of the name Brighton came into common use. A permanent military presence was established in the city with the completion of in 1793. The arrival of the in 1841 brought Brighton within the reach of day-trippers from London. The population grew from around 7,000 in 1801 to more than 120,000 by 1901. Many of the major attractions were built during the , such as the 1864 , the 1866 , and the 1899. Prior to either of these structures, the famous Chain Pier was built, to the designs of Captain Samuel Brown. It lasted from 1823 to 1896, and is featured in paintings by both and. Because of boundary changes, the land area of Brighton expanded from 1,640 acres 7 km 2 in 1854 to 14,347 acres 58 km 2 in 1952. New housing estates were established in the acquired areas, including , , and. The major expansion of 1928 also incorporated the villages of , and , and much council housing was built in parts of after the Second World War. In 1997, Brighton and Hove were joined to form the of , which was granted by Queen as part of the celebrations in 2000. In 2016, Government figures analysed by the charity revealed that Brighton and Hove had the worst rate for homelessness outside London and is worse than some boroughs in the capital. Based on the Freedom of Information data there are 4,095 people sleeping rough or in emergency or temporary accommodation in the city, suggesting that one in 69 people in Brighton and Hove was homeless. Although deprivation in Brighton is distributed across the whole of the city it is more concentrated in some areas than others. The highest concentration of deprivation is in the Whitehawk, Moulsecoomb, and Hollingbury areas of the city but is also found around the St. On 19 January 2017, Brighton council announced they were looking at certain initiatives to try to alleviate some of the increasing homelessness seen on Brighton's streets and were hoping to open the first in-house temporary housing for homeless people in the city. The underground Wellesbourne can rise to the surface during heavy rain, as in November 2000 when it flooded the London Road in Preston village. Brighton lies between the and the to the north and south, respectively. The Sussex coast forms a wide, shallow bay between the of and ; Brighton developed near the centre of this bay around a , the Wellesbourne or Whalesbone , which flowed from the South Downs above. Behind the estuary was a stagnant pond called the Pool or Poole, so named since the medieval era. This was built over with houses and shops from 1793, when the Wellesbourne was to prevent flooding, and only the name of the road Pool Valley, originally Pool Lane marks its site. Behind Pool Valley is historically The Steyne , originally a flat and marshy area where fishermen dried their nets. The East Cliff runs for several miles from Pool Valley towards and , reaching 24 metres 80 ft above sea level. The soil beneath it, a mixture of and clay with some flint and chalk , has experienced erosion for many years. The cliff itself, like the rest of Brighton's soil, is chalk. Below this are thin layers of and separated by a thicker band of. The land slopes upwards gradually from south to north towards the top of the Downs. Main transport links developed along the floor of the Wellesbourne valley, from which the land climbs steeply—particularly on the east side. The earliest settlement was by the beach at the bottom of the valley, which was partly protected from erosion by an underwater. Changes in sea level affected the foreshore several times: 40 acres 16 ha disappeared in the first half of the 14th century, and the caused widespread destruction. The first sea defences were erected in 1723, and a century later a long sea-wall was built. Climate See also: Brighton has a climate: its is Cfb. Average rainfall levels increase as the land rises: the 1958—1990 mean was 740 millimetres 29 in on the seafront and about 1,000 millimetres 39 in at the top of the South Downs above Brighton. Storms caused serious damage in , 1806, 1824, 1836, 1848, 1850, 1896, 1910 and. Snow is rare, but particularly severe falls were recorded in 1881 and 1967. Climate data for Brighton Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high °C °F 8 46 8 46 9 49 12 53 16 60 18 64 20 68 21 69 18 65 15 59 11 52 9 48 14 57 Average low °C °F 3 38 3 38 4 40 6 43 9 48 12 53 14 58 14 58 12 54 9 49 6 43 4 40 8 47 Average mm inches 88 3. The new Hundred of Whalesbone, which covered the parishes of Brighton, , and , was formed in 1296. Parishes moved in and out several times, and by 1801 only Brighton and were included in the Hundred. Brighton's ecclesiastical and civil parish boundaries were coterminous until 1873. Since then, the latter have changed several times as the urban area has expanded. In its original form, Brighton covered about 1,640 acres 660 ha between the English Channel, Hove, Preston, and. The civil parish was first extended from 31 October 1873, when 905 acres 366 ha was annexed from Preston. Its ecclesiastical parish was not affected. On 1 October 1923, 94 acres 38 ha were added to Brighton from Patcham parish: Brighton Corporation was developing the there at the time. On 1 April 1928, Brighton became a and grew by nearly five times by adding Ovingdean and Rottingdean parishes in their entirety and parts of , Patcham and West Blatchington. From 1 April 1952, more of Falmer and part of the adjacent parish were added; 20 years later, land and marine territory associated with the new development also became part of Brighton. Except for a small addition of rural land in 1993 from parish , Brighton Borough's boundaries remained the same until it was joined to Hove Borough in 1997 to form the of Brighton and Hove. The old boundary between Brighton and Hove is most clearly seen on the seafront, where the King Edward Peace Statue 1912 straddles the border, and in a called Boundary Passage which runs northwards from Western Road to Montpelier Road. There is a parish boundary marker stone in this passageway. Between Western Road and the seafront, the boundary runs up Little Western Street pavement on eastern side, in Brighton , but it is not visible. Northwards from Western Road, it runs to the west of Norfolk Road, Norfolk Terrace, Windlesham Road and Windlesham Gardens in the area, then along the south side of Davigdor Road to. From there it runs along the west side of Dyke Road as far as Withdean Road in , at which point it crosses Dyke Road so that the section north of that is part of Hove parish. The boundary continues to follow Dyke Road towards on the South Downs. Brighton is covered by two constituencies in the : and. Both are which were held by from 1997 to 2010. At the , Brighton Kemptown elected the MP , while Brighton Pavilion re-elected , the first MP elected to Westminster. In European elections, Brighton is part of the of. As of 2018, there are 21 wards in the city of Brighton and Hove, of which 12 are in Brighton. The newly created Borough of Brighton consisted of six wards in 1854: St Nicholas, St Peter, Pier, Park, Pavilion and West. When the territory was extended to include part of parish in 1873, the new area became a seventh ward named Preston. The seven were split into 14 in 1894: Hanover, Kemp Town renamed King's Cliff in 1908 , Lewes Road, Montpelier, Pavilion, Pier, Preston, Preston Park, Queen's Park, Regency, St John, St Nicholas, St Peter, and West. Preston ward was extended in 1923 to incorporate the area taken into the borough from Patcham parish in 1923 for the construction of the Moulsecoomb estate, and in 1928 the ward was divided into four: Hollingbury, Moulsecoomb, Preston and Preston Park. Elm Grove and Patcham wards were created at the same time, bringing the total to 19. There were further changes in 1952, 1955 and 1983, at which time there were 16 wards. This situation continued until 1 April 1997, when Hove and its wards became part of the new of. Medieval Brighthelmston had a town hall, although it was called the Townhouse and functioned more like a market hall. A later building 1727 known as the Town Hall was principally used as a. Work on the first purpose-built town hall began in 1830; laid the first stone, and Thomas Cooper designed it on behalf of the Brighton Town Commissioners of which he was a member. Brighton Corporation spent £40,000 to extend it in 1897—99 to the design of Brighton Borough Surveyor Francis May. Despite this, the building was too small for municipal requirements by the mid-20th century, and extra council buildings were built in various locations throughout Brighton Borough Council's existence: the most recent, Bartholomew House and Priory House next to the town hall, were finished in 1987. The presence of a British subsidiary of the United States arms company on the Home Farm Industrial Estate in has been the cause of protests since 2004. The premises were significantly damaged in January 2009 when protesters broke in. Brighton has been an important centre for commerce and employment since the 18th century. It is home to several major companies, some of which employ thousands of people locally; as a retail centre it is of regional importance; creative, digital and new media businesses are increasingly significant; and, although Brighton was never a major industrial centre, its contributed to Britain's rail industry in the 19th and 20th centuries, particularly in the manufacture of steam locomotives. Since the amalgamation of Brighton and Hove, economic and retail data has been produced at a citywide level only. In the past couple of years tourists to Brighton and Hove have fallen in numbers. Over 2016, day visitors to Brighton and Hove dropped by an average of 2,400 per day. Commerce and industry Events at the are important to Brighton's economy. Brighton's largest employer is , whose European headquarters are at John Street. As of 2012, about 3,000 people work there. Other major employers include , which has hypermarkets at and , and call-centre operator Inkfish. In 2012, it was reported that about 1,500 of 's 21,000 workers lived in the city of Brighton and Hove. Brighton is a popular destination for conferences, exhibitions and trade fairs, and has had a purpose-built conference centre—the —since 1977. Direct income from the Brighton Centre's 160 events per year is £8 million, and a further £50 million is generated indirectly by visitors spending money during their stay. Events range from political party conferences to concerts. The Hollingbury Industrial Estate has large industrial, commercial and retail buildings such as Sussex House left and Exion 27 right. The Hollingbury Industrial Estate is one of the largest such facilities in Brighton; in its early days about 6,000 people were employed, principally in industrial jobs, but in the late 20th and early 21st centuries its focus has switched to commercial and retail development, limiting Brighton's potential for industrial growth. Brighton Corporation laid out the estate on 18 acres 7. By 1956, large-scale employment was provided at a bakery, a typewriter factory and a machine tools manufacturer among others. Most of the large factories closed during the recessions of the 1980s and 1990s, employment fell to 1,000, and structural changes started in the mid-1980s with a move towards small-scale industrial units the Enterprise Estate was finished in October 1985 and then retail warehouses. Two large headquarters buildings were vacated in quick succession when British Bookshops left in March 2011 and The Argus newspaper moved out of its headquarters in 2012—although the signed a contract to move its 1,250 employees into the latter building. By 2007, over 250 business had been founded in Brighton. Computer game design company was founded in 1998 and was taken over by , who closed it down in 2011. The Gamer Network, whose portfolio of websites relating to computer gaming including and creative industries was founded in 1999, is based in Brighton. By the early 21st century, the market for office accommodation in the city was characterised by fluctuating demand and a lack of supply of high-quality buildings. As an example, the Trafalgar Place development c. Exion 27 built in 2001 , a high-tech, energy-efficient office development at , remained empty for several years and is still not in commercial use: it houses some administrative departments of the. It was Brighton's first ultramodern commercial property and was intended for mixed commercial and industrial use, but its completion coincided with a slump in demand for high-tech premises. Retail form a retail, leisure and residential area near the seafront, characterised by narrow alleyways following the street pattern of the original fishing village. The Lanes contain predominantly clothing stores, jewellers, antique shops, restaurants and pubs. The area is a retail, leisure and residential area immediately north of the Lanes. The North Laine contains a mix of businesses dominated by cafés, independent and avant-garde shops, bars and theatres. It was built in the 1960s as an open-air, multi-level pedestrianised shopping centre, but was rebuilt and enlarged in 1998 and is no longer open-air. Further retail areas include Western Road and London Road, the latter of which is currently undergoing extensive regeneration in the form of new housing and commercial properties. The is a former royal palace built as a home for the Prince Regent during the early 19th century, under the direction of the architect John Nash, and is notable for its architecture and Oriental interior. Other Indo-Saracenic buildings in Brighton include the , now, with the bodies reburied elsewhere, in use as a chic supper club. It features a , restaurants and arcade halls. It has been closed since 1975. For some time it was under consideration for restoration, but two fires in 2003, and other setbacks, led to these plans being abandoned. The observation tower opened on 4 August 2016. At 162 metres 531. Other notable churches include the very tall brick-built 1874 designed by the architect Edmund Scott, 1828 , and , noted for its decorated interior. Brighton's run the Friends' Meeting House in the Lanes. There is an active based in a Grade 2 listed building in New Road, and a in Norfolk Square. There are also a number of outlets and groups. The is a Grade II- built in 1874—75. It is being gradually restored by. There are also several mosques and centres. Brighton has become known as one of the least religious places in the UK, based upon analysis of the 2011 census which revealed that 42 per cent of the population profess no religion, far higher than the national average of 25%. As part of the , 2. Beaches Boats on Brighton Beach Brighton has a 5. Neighbouring Hove is known for its hundreds of painted timber beach huts, but brick-walled chalets are also available on Brighton seafront, especially towards and. Especially east of the Palace Pier, a flat sandy foreshore is exposed at low tide. The Palace Pier section of the beach has been awarded. Part of the beach adjoining Madeira Drive, to the east of the city centre, has been redeveloped into a sports complex and opened to the public in March 2007, with courts for pursuits such as beach volleyball and among others. The city council owns all the beaches, which are divided into named sections by —the first of which were completed in 1724. Eastwards from the Hove boundary, the names are Boundary, Norfolk, Bedford, Metropole, Grand referring to the four hotels with those names , Centre, King's, Old Ship, Volk's, Albion, Palace Pier, Aquarium, Athina where the ran aground , Paston, Banjo, Duke's, Cliff, Crescent and Black Rock. Cliff Beach is a. Beyond Black Rock, the cliffs part of the rise to more than 100 feet 30 m and there are three small beaches at Ovingdean Gap, Rottingdean Gap and Saltdean Gap. All are connected by the Undercliff Walk, which has been affected by several cliff falls since 2000. Since the demolition in 1978 of the Black Rock open-air at the eastern end of Brighton's seafront, the area has been developed and now features one of Europe's largest. However, the site of the pool itself remains empty except for a skate park and graffiti wall. Since 2003 a series of developments have been proposed but have come to nothing, including housing, a with a , and an 11,000-seat sports arena. The seafront is also home to many restaurants, sports facilities, amusement arcades, nightclubs and bars. Odeon Kingswest on Brighton seafront opened in 1973 Brighton featured in a number of popular movies including 1979 , 1999 , 2004 , 2005 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 and 1947 and 2009. The , dating from 1910, was opened by Mrs. It is the country's oldest purpose-built cinema and was Brighton's first Electric , which still operates as an. The Duke of York's Picturehouse expanded in 2012, adding two additional screens in a different location. The company is now occupying the upstairs of , situated on Gardner Street, central Brighton. There are two , the Odeon on North Street and Cineworld in the Marina. Festivals and rallies Seafront display of after a London to Brighton drive Each May the city hosts the Brighton Festival and Brighton Fringe, the second largest arts festival in the UK after. This includes processions such as the Children's Parade, outdoor spectaculars often involving pyrotechnics, and theatre, music and visual arts in venues throughout the city, some brought into this use exclusively for the festival. The earliest feature of the festival, , are homes of artists and craftspeople opened to the public as galleries, and usually selling the work of the occupants. Since 2002, these have been organised independently of the official Festival and Fringe. Other festivals include The Great Escape, featuring three nights of live music in venues across the city; the Soundwaves Festival in June, which shows classical music composed in the 21st Century, and involves both amateur and professional performers; Paddle Round the Pier; Brighton Live which each September stages a week of free gigs in pubs to show local bands; , a winter solstice celebration; and see lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community, below. For a number of years, 's Alternative Miss World extravaganza was held in the city. An inaugural White Nights all-night arts festival took place in October 2008 and continued for 4 years until it was postponed in 2012 due to a lack of European funding. Brighton is the terminus of a number of London-to-Brighton rides, and runs, such as the run and bike ride. Transport rallies are also hosted on the seafront. Groups of and still bring their and motorbikes to the town, but their gatherings are now much more sedate than the violent 1960s confrontations depicted in. Food and drink related festivals include the traditional Blessing of the Fisheries, where barbecued are eaten on the beach and the more recent Fiery Foods Festival. There is also a twice-yearly general food festival. The main Sussex beer festival is held in nearby , and there is a smaller beer festival in the Hanover area. Brighton is the home of the UK's first Walk of Fame which celebrates the many rich and famous people associated with the city. Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community Brighton Pride 2014 bus Brighton records LGBT history in the city since the 19th century. Many LGBT pubs, clubs, bars, restaurants, cafés and shops are located around Brighton and in particular around St James's Street in. Several LGBT charities, publishers, social and support groups are also based in the city. Brighton also hosts an annual trans pride event, which is the first of its kind in the UK. In a 2014 estimate, 11—15% of the city's population aged 16 or over is thought to be lesbian, gay or bisexual. The city also had the highest percentage of same-sex households in the UK in 2004 and the largest number of civil partnership registrations outside London in 2013. Museums Brighton museums include , , , , and , the long established social epicentre of the seafront, which includes artefacts from the West Pier. The is also open to the public, serving as a museum to the. Theatre Royal, city centre Brighton has many night-life hotspots and is associated with including , , , , from Dollar, and. Live music venues include the Concorde2, and the , where received a substantial boost to their career when they won the. Many events and performance companies operate in the city. Brighton is also home to several independent record labels. Notable residents Attenborough Arts Centre at the university of Sussex Theatres include the and associated Pavilion Theatre, the expanded primarily a comedy and music venue but also a theatre , which was renovated and re-opened in 2010 and the which celebrated its 200th anniversary in 2007. The Attenborough Centre for the Creative arts is nearby, part of the University of Sussex campus. There are also smaller theatres such as the , the New Venture, and the Brighton Little Theatre. Its programme will be chosen by lottery to ensure that it remains accessible and open to all comers. The university is home to the reputed and the , amongst over 40 other established research centres, and is ranked 1st in the world for Development studies by the World University Rankings. Served by frequent trains to and 24-hour buses, it has a student population of around 17,300 student of which over a third are postgraduates. The university is currently ranked 18th in the UK and 110th in the world by the World University Rankings. The , the former Brighton , has a student population of 20,017 of which 80% are undergraduates. The university is on several sites with additional buildings in , , and. In 2001 the music college BIMM opened in Brighton under the name The Brighton Institute of Modern Music. The college has approximately 1500 students across Brighton, its degree courses at BIMM are validated by and diploma courses are taught at the. Notable alumni have included , and. Since the college opened it has expanded to become Europe's largest music college with 6500 students studying at eight campuses across Europe including , , , , , and. In 2003, the universities of Sussex and Brighton formed a medical school, known as. The school was one of four new medical schools to be created as part of a government programme to increase the number of qualified doctors. The school is based in Falmer and works closely with the Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust. A range of non-university courses for students over 16, mainly in subjects, is provided at the , City College Brighton and Hove. More academic subjects can be studied by 16—18-year-olds at BHASVIC in the Seven Dials area. The 1920s building is celebrated for its façade and internal quads. The college offers academic , The International Baccalaureate and vocational courses. As Brighton is home to various public universties and colleges, it also home to private colleges such as located near the the college was established in 1977 and offers higher educational courses such as vocational, certficate, professional, diploma and Advanced Diploma qualifactions and has a close partnership with the There are and some. Notable state schools include , , , , and. There are a number of , including , , , and a School. The Brighton Institute of Modern Music, a fully accredited music college, opened in 2001 and has since expanded to five locations throughout the UK. In spring and summer, thousands of students from all over Europe gather to attend language courses at the many language schools. Brighton Marina is the city's professional association football team. The club went through a rocky spell in the 90s but have since returned to form. After playing at the for 95 years, the club spent 2 years ground-sharing 70 miles away at before returning to the town as tenants of. At the start of the 2011—12 season the club moved permanently to Falmer Stadium, a Premier League level stadium colloquially known as. Notable achievements include winning promotion to the in 1979 and staying there for 4 seasons. They reached the drawing 2-2 with before losing in the replay 5 days later. The saw Brighton's debut in the Premier League after a win against guaranteed automatic promotion to the top flight. Notable former managers of the club include , 2 Peter Taylors: born 1928 and born 1953 , , , , , , and. Notable former players include , , , , , , and. They play in the Conference South league having won promotion three times in the space four years between 2009—13. Games are played at , which is set into the South Downs close to. Brighton Football Club RFU is one of the oldest Rugby Clubs in England. Brighton was chosen as one of the 13 host cities, with two games being played at the 30,750 capacity. One of the two games played was one of the biggest shocks in the history of Rugby Union, with defeating 34 points to 32, with a try in the dying minutes of the game. The men's 1XI gained promotion in 2013 to the system, Conference East. Motoring events take place on Madeira Drive, a piece of roadway on Brighton's seafront, throughout the year. It was originally constructed to host what is commonly held to be the world's oldest motor race, the , which has been running since 1905. The event is organised by the and normally takes place on the second Saturday in September each year. From time to time a competition is held in a temporary stadium on imported sand on the beach. The inaugural contest in June 2002 featured football stars and. Brighton has a course, , with the unusual feature that when the full length of the course is to be used, some of the grass turf of the track has to be laid over the tar at the top of Wilson Avenue, a public road, which therefore has to be closed for the races. A circuit — the — in Hove is run by , at which racing was staged in 1928. The Brighton and Hove Club runs an annual triples, doubles and singles competition, informal KOs, winter and summer league, plus Open competitions with other clubs. The club is affiliated to Sussex Pétanque, the local region of the English Pétanque Association, so they can also play at a Regional and National level. The Peace Statue terrain is the official terrain situated on the seafront near the West Pier. Brighton has two competitive swimming clubs: Brighton SC formed in 1860 claims to be the oldest swimming club in England; and Brighton Dolphin SC was formed in 1891 as Brighton Ladies Swimming. Amateur track cycling is held at the Preston Park Velodrome, the oldest velodrome in the UK built in 1877. The railway left and link Brighton to London. Brighton has several railway stations, many bus routes, coach services and taxis. A Rapid Transport System has been under consideration for some years. Brighton is connected to the national road network by the London Road northwards, and by two east—west routes: the along the coast and the inland. The A23 joins the at near. The A27 originally ran through the urban area along Old Shoreham Road and Lewes Road, but it now follows the route of the Brighton Bypass opened in 1990 and the old alignment has become the A270. A bypass was first proposed in 1932, six routes were submitted for approval in 1973, and the published its recommended route in 1980. Public enquiries took place in 1983 and 1987, construction started in 1989 and the first section—between London Road at and the road to —opened in summer 1991. By 1985 there were about 5,000 parking spaces in central Brighton. In 1969, a 520-space was built beneath the central gardens of. Brighton Station Concourse Frequent trains operate from. Many Brighton residents commute to work in London and destinations include , and. Most trains serve , and those operated by continue to , , and. The fastest service from London Victoria takes 51 minutes. A wider range of long-distance destinations was served until 2007—08 when rationalisation caused the ending of services via and to , Manchester and. Twice-daily long-distance services to and are operated by via the West Coastway Line. Southdown were part of the nationalised group and were based at Freshfield Road in the area; Brighton Borough Transport were owned by the council and used the former tram depot at Lewes Road as their headquarters. Joint tickets were available and revenue was shared. The , owned by the since 1993, now runs most bus services in Brighton. Its fleet has about 280 buses. The city had 1,184 bus stops in 2012, 456 of which had a shelter. Councillors and residents in and have claimed that streets and car parks in those areas have become unofficial park-and-ride sites: drivers park for free and take buses into the city centre. Publisher:Ordnance Survey — Southampton B2 edition. Brighton and Hove City Council. Retrieved 14 September 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2015. Archived from on 11 July 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2013. 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